Translanguaging and Intercultural Communication Competence in Vocational Hospitality English in Bali: Testing Learning Effectiveness and Teacher Support as Mechanisms
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37630/jpb.v16i4.5182Keywords:
Translanguaging, Intercultural Communication Competence, Hospitality English, Teacher Support, Vocational EducationAbstract
Hospitality students in Bali, Indonesia, learn to serve international guests in English while moving among Balinese, Indonesian and English, yet English classes may treat this repertoire as interference. Drawing on translanguaging theory and intercultural communicative competence, this study tested whether students’ translanguaging practices predict their intercultural communication competence (ICC), whether perceived learning effectiveness mediates this relationship, and whether teacher support for translanguaging moderates it. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was used with all fourth- and sixth-semester Diploma IV hospitality students at one university (n = 80). Survey data were analyzed with partial least squares structural equation modelling, and interviews, focus groups, classroom observations and role-plays with 15 students were analyzed thematically. Translanguaging practices had a significant positive effect on ICC (β = 0.292, p = 0.012) and on learning effectiveness (β = 0.519, p < 0.001), but learning effectiveness did not mediate the effect on ICC, and teacher support did not significantly moderate it. Qualitatively, students used translanguaging to compare pragmatic and cultural meanings, comprehension did not always transfer to guest encounters, and teachers’ stances determined whether translanguaging was visible or hidden. The study offers guidance on planning translanguaging in hospitality English.
References
Badu-Baiden, F., Agyeiwaah, E., & Osei, B. (2025). Understanding intercultural communication competence in tourism and hospitality education. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2025.2493902
Becker, J.-M., Cheah, J.-H., Gholamzadeh, R., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2023). PLS-SEM’s most wanted guidance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(1), 321–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2022-0474
Becker, J.-M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2018). Estimating moderating effects in PLS-SEM and PLSc-SEM: Interaction term generation data treatment. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 2(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.2(2)01
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE.
Byram, M. (2021). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence: Revisited (2nd ed.). Multilingual Matters.
Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2021). Pedagogical translanguaging. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009029384
Choi, J., & Liu, K.-L. (2021). Knowledge building through collaborative, translation and translanguaging practices. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 20(3), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2021.1974866
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE.
Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306287002
Fang, F., & Xu, Y. (2025). The local-international trend of intercultural communication through world Englishes and translanguaging. World Englishes, 44(4), 638–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12713
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using GPower 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Fetters, M. D. (2020). The mixed methods research workbook: Activities for designing, implementing, and publishing projects. SAGE.
García, O., & Li Wei. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137385765
Gelacio-Macedo, K. A., Orozco-Sibille, F., Cordova-Buiza, F., & Medina-Viruel, M. J. (2025). Labour skills and cultural competence in the hotel sector in Peru: Insights from frontline employees. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 60(2), 823–841. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.602spl16-1492
Hafizin, H., Maisyaroh, M., Timan, A., & Triwiyanto, T. (2026). Best practices of local wisdom oriented Islamic education management for fostering intercultural sensitivity in vocational tourism schools. Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research, 7(2), 2758. https://doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v7i2.2758
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). SAGE.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Jack, G., Phipps, A., & Barrientos Arriaga, O. (2020). Intercultural communication in tourism. In J. Jackson (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication (2nd ed., pp. 535–554). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003036210-40
Kimambo, G. (2025). Translanguaging in tourism: A multimodal analysis of linguistic landscapes in Dar es Salaam. International Journal of Multilingualism, 22(3), 451–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2025.2519948
Koç, E. (2021). Intercultural competence in tourism and hospitality: Self-efficacy beliefs and the Dunning Kruger effect. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 85(1), 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.04.003
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLS-SEM: The inverse square root and gamma-exponential methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12131
Li Wei. (2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx039
Li Wei, & García, O. (2022). Not a first language but one repertoire: Translanguaging as a decolonizing project. RELC Journal, 53(2), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882221092841
Liu, Y.-Y., Liu, J., & King, B. (2022). Intercultural communicative competence: Hospitality industry and education perspectives. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 31(3), 100371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2022.100371
Ou, W., Gu, M., & Hult, F. M. (2020). Translanguaging for intercultural communication in international higher education: Transcending English as a lingua franca. International Journal of Multilingualism, 17(4), 523–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2020.1856113
Polo-Pérez, N., & Holmes, P. (2023). Translanguaging as methodology to study language cafés: Implications for managing multilingual data. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 44(8), 678–693. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2197882
Prawira, O., Listiana, T. A., Bikardi, R., & Prasatyo, B. A. (2025). Transpositioning identity of Indonesian hospitality internship program students in Hong Kong hotels. Journal of Cultural Analysis and Social Change, 10(4), 2969. https://doi.org/10.64753/jcasc.v10i4.2969
Rosalina, P. D., Dupre, K., Wang, Y., Putra, I. N. D., & Jin, X. (2023). Rural tourism resource management strategies: A case study of two tourism villages in Bali. Tourism Management Perspectives, 49(2), 101194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101194
Roth, D., & Sedana, G. (2015). Reframing Tri Hita Karana: From “Balinese culture” to politics. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 16(2), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2014.994674
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J.-H., Becker, J.-M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
Shen, L., Chen, S. C., & Qiu, Y.-G. (2021). An investigation on the status of intercultural competence education in mainland China. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 33(2), 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2020.1868312
Sinaga, T., & Marbun, S. (2025). Linguistic complexity of Bali’s tourism actors: The perspectives of translanguaging and language ideologies. Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), 15(1), 156–177. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2025.v15.i01.p15
Sun, W., Qiu, Y.-X., & Zheng, Y.-Y. (2021). Translanguaging practices in local employees’ negotiation to create linguistic space in a multilingual workplace. Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a La Comunicación, 85(1), 291–310. https://doi.org/10.5209/clac.75493
Thongphut, A., & Kaur, J. (2023). “Doing explicit” in hospitality and tourism service encounters in English as a lingua franca. English for Specific Purposes, 70, 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2023.01.003
Tran, T., & Vo, P. (2023). Needs analysis about intercultural communicative competence among undergraduate tourism students. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 52(4), 947–968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-023-10012-1
Wang, D. (2024). Translanguaging as a decolonising approach: Students’ perspectives towards integrating Indigenous epistemology in language teaching. Applied Linguistics Review, 15(4), 1385–1406. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2022-0127
Wang, Z., & Shen, B. (2023). “I think I am bilingual, but…”: Teachers’ practices of and students’ attitudes toward translanguaging in a Chinese intercultural communication class. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 33(1), 52–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12491
Wirza, Y., Gunawan, W., Muniroh, R. D., Hermawan, B., & Galihkusumah, A. (2025). Translanguaging practices in the rural tourism linguistic landscape in showcasing cultural identity: An activity theory analysis. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 10(1), 903. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v10i1.903
Yang, H.-J., Cheung, C., & Li, W. (2020). Intercultural communication competency practices in the hotel industry. Journal of China Tourism Research, 16(4), 437–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2020.1807432
Yeh, H.-C., Qi, G. Y., Lin, M.-W., & Chen, N.-S. (2024). Oral translanguaging in telecollaboration: Effects on EFL learner intercultural awareness, learning and communicative competence. System, 124, 103357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103357
Zein, S. (2020). Language policy in superdiverse Indonesia. Routledge.
Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconstructing Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
Zheng, Y.-Y., & Qiu, Y.-X. (2024). Epistemic (in)justice in English medium instruction: Transnational teachers’ and students’ negotiation of knowledge participation through translanguaging. Language and Education, 38(1), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2023.2248968
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Luh Komang Julyanti Paramita Sari, Sulistyoadi Joko Saharjo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Seluruh materi yang terdapat dalam situs ini dilindungi oleh undang-undang. Dilarang mengutip sebagian atau seluruh isi situs web ini untuk keperluan komersil tanpa persetujuan dewan penyunting jurnal ini.
- Apabila anda menemukan satu atau beberapa artikel yang terdapat dalam Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa yang melanggar atau berpotensi melanggar hak cipta yang anda miliki, silahkan laporkan kepada kami, melalui email pada Principle Contact.
- Aspek legal formal terhadap akses setiap informasi dan artikel yang tercantum dalam situs jurnal ini mengacu pada ketentuan lisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
- Semua Informasi yang terdapat di Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa bersifat akademik. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa tidak bertanggung jawab terhadap kerugian yang terjadi karana penyalah gunaan informasi dari situs ini.
